Wind-Resistant Ponies: The Ultimate Guide to Their Creation

Wind-Resistant Ponies: The Ultimate Guide to Their Creation

Table of Contents

Comprehensive Guide to the Attributes of Wind-Resistant Ponies

What Essential Traits Characterise Wind-Resistant Ponies?

A sturdy pony with a dense coat and short mane, standing calmly in a windy field, showcasing strong hooves and well-toned muscles.

Wind-resistant ponies represent a remarkable breed meticulously developed to withstand high winds, thereby ensuring their safety and comfort amidst turbulent weather conditions. These ponies exhibit unique physical and behavioural traits that empower them to flourish in windy environments. Notable characteristics include:

  • Sturdy Build: Their robust body structure enables them to endure powerful gusts without losing balance, providing them with stability.
  • Dense Coat: A thick, insulating coat offers protection against cold winds, ensuring their warmth and comfort during harsh weather.
  • Short Mane and Tail: A shorter mane and tail decrease wind resistance, facilitating easier movement through gusty conditions.
  • Strong Hooves: Well-structured hooves enhance their stability, particularly during blustery weather.
  • Calm Temperament: Their naturally calm disposition allows them to remain composed in adverse situations, reducing flight responses.
  • Good Muscle Tone: Strong muscle development contributes to their agility and balance, essential for navigating wind-prone areas.
  • Respiratory Efficiency: Adaptations in their respiratory systems enable them to manage increased airflow effectively, critical for performance during windy conditions.

These defining features are essential for helping ponies cope with challenging weather, all while promoting their overall health and performance across various equestrian activities.

The Significance of Wind Resistance for the Health and Safety of Ponies

The significance of wind resistance in ensuring the health and safety of ponies cannot be overstated, particularly in regions frequently exposed to strong winds. Breeds specifically developed for enhanced wind resistance not only survive but thrive in these conditions, leading to numerous advantages. For instance, ponies exhibiting wind resistance experience markedly lower stress levels, as they are less likely to panic during storms or gusty weather. This steadiness is beneficial, translating into improved health outcomes and a reduced risk of injuries resulting from environmental stressors.

Moreover, ponies bred for wind resistance often excel across various equestrian disciplines, maintaining peak performance levels even under adverse weather conditions. Their focus and responsiveness render them reliable companions for riders. The implications of these breeds extend beyond individual performance, hinting at a potential shift in global breeding standards that prioritise adaptability and resilience in response to climate challenges.

The Fascinating Historical Evolution of Wind-Resistant Pony Breeds

The historical evolution of wind-resistant pony breeds is a captivating narrative that illustrates humanity's quest to cultivate animals capable of thriving in demanding conditions. Initial breeding initiatives primarily focused on the functional utility of ponies in diverse terrains and climates. Over time, breeders began to recognise the importance of adaptability, particularly in areas subjected to severe winds and storms.

Significant milestones in this evolution include the introduction of targeted breeding practices aimed at enhancing desirable attributes such as body conformation and temperament. For example, in the Scottish Highlands, ponies were bred to endure the region's fierce gales, resulting in resilient breeds like the Highland Pony. Similarly, the Icelandic Pony, renowned for its exceptional ability to withstand harsh winds and frigid temperatures, became an integral part of Iceland's equestrian heritage. These historical breeding practices have laid the foundation for contemporary techniques focused on producing ponies specifically designed for wind resistance.

Expert Analysis on the Breeding Techniques for Wind-Resistant Ponies

A scientist examines a wind-resistant pony on a breezy hillside, surrounded by breeding charts and genetic diagrams.

Proven Breeding Practices to Enhance Wind Resistance in Ponies

The development of wind-resistant ponies entails various breeding techniques specifically designed to improve their capability to cope with high winds. An effective approach is selective breeding, which involves choosing the most robust and resilient ponies for mating. This method ensures that desirable characteristics are consistently passed down through generations, gradually increasing the prevalence of wind-resistant traits.

In addition, crossbreeding with established wind-resistant breeds serves to introduce beneficial traits into other pony lineages. For instance, crossing a traditional working pony with a breed known for its resilience can yield offspring that inherit a combination of advantageous qualities. Implementing controlled breeding programmes that meticulously track and monitor the traits of offspring further supports the development of wind-resistant ponies.

Other effective methods include:

  • Genetic Testing: Employing genetic testing to identify potential traits associated with wind resistance prior to breeding, facilitating informed decisions.
  • Environmental Conditioning: Gradually introducing ponies to windy conditions during their formative years to encourage adaptive behaviours and resilience.
  • Health Assessments: Conducting regular health evaluations to ensure that selected ponies possess the physical attributes necessary for wind resistance.
  • Behavioural Training: Implementing training sessions that promote calmness and composure in windy scenarios, which is crucial for their well-being.

Collectively, these techniques establish a comprehensive breeding strategy aimed at enhancing the wind resistance of ponies, ensuring their long-term health and performance.

What Genetic Factors Are Integral to Developing Wind Resistance in Ponies?

Genetic factors play a critical role in the development of wind-resistant ponies. Specific genes are associated with traits that bolster a pony's capacity to endure high winds, including body structure, coat density, and respiratory efficiency. Research has identified particular genetic markers linked to robust bone density and muscular development, both of which are essential for stability in windy conditions.

Furthermore, the presence of genes that determine coat characteristics is vital. Ponies with thicker, denser coats provide better insulation against cold winds, directly influencing their comfort and health. The genetic diversity within pony populations also significantly affects their adaptability; incorporating genetic material from various breeds can introduce advantageous traits that enhance wind resistance.

By understanding these genetic factors, breeders can make informed choices. Emphasising specific traits allows breeders to enhance the overall resilience of future generations. Additionally, ongoing research in equine genetics continues to uncover new insights that can refine breeding strategies for developing wind-resistant ponies.

What Training Approaches Are Effective for Preparing Ponies for Windy Conditions?

Pony undergoing desensitization training in windy conditions with handlers using fans.

Training methods specifically tailored for windy conditions are crucial for equipping ponies to adapt effectively to their environments. Primarily, desensitisation training is vital. By gradually exposing ponies to wind-like conditions, such as through the use of fans or training in open fields, handlers can help ponies acclimatise to the sensation of strong gusts. This training should commence with gentle breezes and progress to more intense winds as the pony gains comfort and confidence.

Incorporating groundwork exercises that emphasise balance and stability can also prepare ponies for windy situations. For example, working on uneven surfaces or introducing obstacles that simulate windy conditions can build their confidence and resilience. It is essential for trainers to emphasise the importance of calmness during these exercises, rewarding ponies for maintaining composure when faced with simulated challenges.

Furthermore, reinforcing positive behaviour in windy environments is crucial. Utilising treats and praise when ponies display calmness can enhance their ability to manage adverse weather conditions. Regular outings on blustery days can also prove beneficial; this real-world exposure allows ponies to develop their wind-related skills in a controlled setting, improving their overall adaptability and performance during true windy conditions.

How Does Wind Resistance Provide Practical Advantages for Ponies?

Enhanced Safety for Ponies in Windy Environments

Wind-resistant ponies enjoy a considerable safety advantage in high-wind situations. These ponies are less likely to experience stress and panic, significantly reducing the risk of injuries during sudden gusts or storms. Their robust build and calm demeanour enable them to maintain balance, minimising the chances of falls or accidents.

Moreover, the physiological adaptations resulting from breeding for wind resistance—such as improved respiratory function—allow ponies to handle the challenges posed by strong winds more effectively. A pony capable of breathing efficiently in turbulent conditions is less prone to respiratory distress, thereby ensuring their overall health and safety.

The implications for handlers are equally significant. A pony that remains calm and composed during adverse weather conditions fosters a safer riding experience and alleviates anxiety for the rider. Consequently, both pony and rider can confidently engage in outdoor activities, regardless of weather conditions, enhancing their partnership's enjoyment and success.

Improved Performance and Comfort in Adverse Weather Conditions

Ponies bred for wind resistance frequently demonstrate superior performance, even in challenging weather scenarios. Their unique adaptations enable them to maintain focus during windy rides, facilitating the efficient execution of tasks. For instance, in competitive equestrian events, wind-resistant ponies can navigate courses with precision, showcasing their remarkable adaptability despite challenging conditions.

Comfort is equally paramount for optimal performance. Wind-resistant ponies possess denser coats that not only insulate them against the cold but also alleviate the discomfort associated with wind chill. This added comfort translates into better overall health, as ponies are less likely to develop stress-related ailments or injuries due to exposure to harsh weather.

Additionally, their inherent stability allows them to traverse challenging terrains with ease, making them versatile partners for riders across various disciplines. Whether in show jumping or endurance riding, wind-resistant ponies excel, demonstrating their value in both competitive and recreational contexts.

What Long-Term Health Benefits Are Associated with Wind Resistance for Ponies?

The long-term health benefits of wind resistance in ponies are substantial and varied. Ponies bred for enhanced wind resistance generally enjoy better overall health, as they are less susceptible to stress-related issues. Their strong genetic foundation often correlates with fewer health concerns, including respiratory problems that can arise during adverse weather conditions.

Moreover, wind-resistant ponies are more likely to possess robust immune systems due to their ability to thrive in challenging environments. This resilience not only enhances their immediate health but also contributes to greater longevity, allowing them to enjoy longer, healthier lives. Regular exposure to windy conditions further boosts their physical fitness, as they engage in more vigorous activities that improve muscle tone and cardiovascular health.

From a breeding perspective, focusing on these long-term health benefits can encourage a more sustainable approach. Breeding ponies capable of thriving in diverse conditions ensures the well-being of individual animals while promoting a healthier equine population overall. This commitment to health will ultimately create a positive feedback loop, as healthier ponies contribute to improved breeding outcomes.

How Does Wind Resistance Influence Pony Behaviour?

Wind-resistant ponies frequently exhibit improved behaviour in challenging situations, fostering better interactions with handlers and riders. Their capacity to remain calm in high winds is a significant advantage, allowing them to concentrate on tasks rather than becoming distracted or anxious.

This calm demeanour can enhance trainability, as ponies that experience lower stress levels tend to respond more positively to training techniques. Handlers can work more effectively with these ponies, engaging in productive training sessions without interruptions caused by anxiety or fear. This strengthened relationship between pony and handler is essential for success across numerous equestrian disciplines.

Additionally, ponies accustomed to windy environments may showcase increased curiosity and confidence. Their experiences empower them to tackle new challenges with assurance, making them more adaptable to various situations. When faced with different stimuli—such as new environments or obstacles—they are less likely to react negatively, thus enhancing their overall behaviour and performance levels.

The Economic Advantages of Investing in Wind-Resistant Ponies

The economic benefits associated with breeding wind-resistant ponies are considerable. In markets where weather resilience is a sought-after quality, these ponies can command higher prices due to their unique characteristics. Buyers are increasingly on the lookout for horses that can perform reliably, regardless of weather conditions, making wind-resistant breeds particularly desirable.

Moreover, the reduced healthcare costs related to wind-resistant ponies further enhance their economic value. These ponies are less prone to stress-related health issues, resulting in lower veterinary bills and fewer interruptions from training or competitions. For breeders, investing in lines that emphasise wind resistance can yield significant financial returns concerning both sales and reduced operational expenses.

Finally, as awareness of climate change and its effects on equine health and performance continues to grow, the demand for wind-resistant ponies is likely to rise. Breeders prioritising wind resistance can strategically position themselves within the marketplace, capitalising on a growing trend that values sustainability and adaptability in equine breeding.

Research-Based Insights on the Advantages of Wind-Resistant Ponies

Scientific Findings on Wind Resistance and Pony Health

Research studies investigating the health benefits of wind-resistant ponies yield compelling insights that should inform breeding practices. Numerous studies emphasise that breeds developed for resilience experience lower instances of respiratory issues, enhanced cardiovascular health, and improved overall well-being in windy conditions. These findings suggest that the physiological adaptations seen in wind-resistant ponies can significantly elevate their longevity and quality of life.

Behavioural studies also indicate that ponies bred for wind resistance maintain lower stress levels in turbulent conditions, resulting in fewer behavioural challenges. This research is critical for breeders aiming to elevate the health profile of their ponies; understanding the direct relationship between wind resistance and health outcomes enables informed breeding decisions.

As more studies are conducted, the abundance of information surrounding wind-resistant ponies continues to expand. This research not only supports the case for prioritising these traits in breeding programmes but also equips breeders with the necessary evidence to effectively market their ponies to potential buyers.

How Does Wind Resistance Impact Pony Behaviour in Real-World Settings?

Wind resistance significantly influences pony behaviour, particularly in challenging scenarios. Studies indicate that wind-resistant ponies exhibit lower anxiety levels, resulting in calmer dispositions during gales or storms. This behavioural stability stems from their genetic and environmental adaptations, which foster resilience.

Moreover, ponies bred for wind resistance often demonstrate greater adaptability when faced with new experiences. This adaptability translates into more favourable training outcomes, as these ponies are less likely to react negatively to sudden stimuli. Consequently, handlers can train them more effectively, achieving superior results in disciplines such as dressage or show jumping.

The implications for handlers and owners are profound; with calmer and more trainable ponies, the overall experience of managing equines becomes significantly more enjoyable. Wind-resistant ponies create a positive training environment, fostering stronger bonds between handler and pony while enhancing overall performance across various equestrian activities.

What Economic Benefits Do Wind-Resistant Ponies Offer Breeders and Owners?

The economic advantages associated with breeding wind-resistant ponies extend beyond their market value. Naturally, these ponies can achieve higher prices in competitive sales due to their desirable traits. Buyers increasingly recognise the importance of investing in animals that offer resilience and versatility, leading to heightened demand for wind-resistant breeds.

Additionally, the potential for lower healthcare costs significantly enhances the economic viability of wind-resistant ponies. Reduced instances of stress-related health issues translate into fewer veterinary visits and lower treatment expenses, resulting in a more profitable ownership experience. This financial advantage can be particularly appealing to buyers searching for long-term investments in equine companions.

As awareness of climate-related challenges continues to evolve, breeders who establish themselves as leaders in wind-resistant pony breeding can benefit from increased interest and investment. By capitalising on the emerging trend of sustainable and adaptive equine practices, these breeders can secure their position in a competitive market. The economic outlook for wind-resistant ponies thus appears promising, reflecting a future where resilience and adaptability are prioritised.

Effective Strategies for Breeding Wind-Resistant Ponies

Establishing Selective Breeding Programmes for Optimal Results

Creating selective breeding programmes is essential for the development of wind-resistant pony breeds. By concentrating on specific traits associated with wind resistance, breeders can cultivate a lineage that consistently produces ponies with the desired characteristics. The initial step in establishing such a programme involves identifying key attributes that contribute to wind resistance, including sturdy structure, dense coat, and calm demeanour.

Next, breeders should implement stringent selection criteria, ensuring that only the most suitable ponies participate in the breeding process. Tracking the lineage and performance of each pony can provide valuable data to refine future breeding decisions. Additionally, maintaining genetic diversity within the breeding pool is crucial to avoid the pitfalls of inbreeding, which can compromise the health and viability of the lineage.

Collaboration with equine geneticists and behaviourists can significantly enhance the effectiveness of selective breeding programmes. By merging expert knowledge with practical breeding efforts, breeders can create a more comprehensive approach to developing wind-resistant ponies. This collaboration ultimately fosters a breeding environment prioritising long-term success and sustainability.

What Environmental Factors Should Be Considered in Breeding for Wind Resistance?

When breeding for wind resistance, several environmental factors must be considered to create optimal habitats for these ponies. Firstly, geographical location is crucial; regions with consistent winds can acclimatise ponies to their future environments. Breeders should select areas that replicate the wind conditions the ponies will encounter, ensuring they develop the necessary adaptations.

Secondly, habitat complexity is significant. Providing varied terrain and natural wind barriers can effectively teach ponies to navigate their environments. Features like hills, trees, and vegetation can serve as natural buffers against extreme winds, allowing ponies to experience a range of conditions.

Additionally, access to shelter is critical. Breeders must ensure that ponies have safe havens during severe weather, providing them with the option to retreat when necessary. Balancing exposure to windy conditions with shelter access will significantly affect their overall development and resilience.

Lastly, local climate conditions should inform breeding strategies. Understanding how climate change may influence wind patterns and severity in specific areas allows breeders to anticipate future challenges and adapt their breeding programmes accordingly.

Collaborating with Equine Experts for Optimal Outcomes in Breeding

Engaging with equine experts can greatly enhance the success of wind-resistant pony breeding initiatives. Collaborating with veterinarians, geneticists, and behaviourists provides breeders with a holistic understanding of the factors that contribute to wind resistance. This partnership can help identify key traits to emphasise in breeding decisions and refine training methods for young ponies.

A successful example of such collaboration is the alliance between breeders and research institutions. Through joint research efforts, breeders gain access to cutting-edge insights on genetics and breeding techniques, ultimately leading to more effective programmes. These partnerships also facilitate the exchange of best practices, enabling breeders to improve their methods and enhance pony welfare.

Furthermore, incorporating feedback from trainers and handlers can boost the success of breeding programmes. Understanding how ponies perform in real-world scenarios allows breeders to adjust their strategies to prioritise practical attributes that promote wind resistance. By fostering a network of experts, breeders can create a supportive community that encourages continual learning and advancement in wind-resistant pony breeding.

Future Prospects for Innovations in Wind-Resistant Pony Breeding

Innovative Strategies for Enhancing Wind Resistance in Breeding Practices

Innovative breeding strategies are essential for improving the wind resistance of pony breeds in the future. One promising direction is employing advanced genetic research to identify specific markers associated with wind-resistant traits. By utilising genomic technologies, breeders can more accurately select ponies that possess the desired characteristics, leading to more effective breeding programmes.

Additionally, cross-breeding with other resilient equine breeds may yield new hybrids that further enhance wind resistance. This approach can introduce advantageous traits, such as improved agility and calmness, thereby creating a new generation of ponies better equipped for windy environments.

Another area of innovation involves environmental conditioning. Breeders can develop controlled environments that simulate windy conditions to effectively acclimatise ponies. This process might include training facilities equipped with wind machines that expose young ponies to gusts, ensuring they develop the necessary physical and behavioural adaptations from an early age.

Ultimately, the future of wind-resistant pony breeding will rely on the ability to integrate these innovative practices into existing breeding programmes, resulting in a new generation of ponies that can rise to the challenges presented by climate change and environmental variability.

What Role Will Technology Play in Future Breeding Efforts?

The role of technology in future wind-resistant pony breeding is poised to be transformative. Advances in genetic testing and analysis will empower breeders to identify specific traits linked to wind resistance more accurately. By utilising DNA sequencing technologies, breeders can pinpoint genetic markers associated with desired characteristics, streamlining the selection process for breeding.

Moreover, data analytics can significantly enhance the tracking of pony performance and health over time. By gathering and analysing data on various factors, including environmental conditions and health metrics, breeders can make informed decisions that optimise their breeding programmes. This data-driven approach ensures that breeding efforts are not only effective but also sustainable.

Incorporating virtual training platforms can also improve training techniques for wind-resistant ponies. These platforms can provide trainers with the necessary tools to simulate different wind conditions and evaluate pony responses, allowing for targeted training interventions that enhance adaptability and performance.

The integration of technology in breeding and training will herald a new era of equine resilience, with wind-resistant ponies leading the way in adaptive equine practices.

Prioritising Sustainability in Wind-Resistant Pony Breeding

Understanding sustainability in breeding wind-resistant ponies is vital for future endeavours in this field. As climate change continues to pose challenges for equine health and performance, breeders must prioritise sustainable practices that align with environmental conservation. Breeding wind-resistant ponies contributes to sustainability by fostering the development of animals capable of thriving in changing climates, thereby reducing reliance on intensive care and resources.

Incorporating sustainable grazing practices is another important consideration. Ensuring that ponies are raised in environments that mimic their natural habitats can promote healthier ecosystems while minimising environmental impacts. Implementing rotational grazing and allowing natural vegetation to flourish can provide ponies with a balanced diet while fostering biodiversity.

Furthermore, investing in local breeding programmes can strengthen community ties and reduce carbon footprints associated with transporting ponies over long distances. By focusing on developing local wind-resistant breeds, communities can enhance their equine resources sustainably.

Ultimately, breeding wind-resistant ponies within a sustainable framework offers a pathway to ensuring long-term success for both the animals and the environment. This commitment to sustainability will resonate with future buyers, leading to a market that values resilience in equine breeding.

Climate Change and Its Implications for Wind-Resistant Ponies

Climate change has far-reaching implications for the increasing necessity of wind-resistant ponies. As weather patterns shift unpredictably, regions once considered stable may face more frequent and severe wind events. This changing landscape necessitates a focus on breeding ponies that can adapt to these variations while maintaining their performance levels.

Breeders must closely monitor changing climate conditions in their areas, adjusting their breeding objectives accordingly. For instance, regions experiencing stronger winds may require ponies with specific traits that enhance adaptability and resilience. This foresight will be crucial in sustaining the health and performance of equines during times of climate uncertainty.

Furthermore, collaborative efforts between breeders and climate scientists can provide valuable insights into the future needs of equine populations. By understanding how climate change will influence pony environments, breeders can proactively select for traits that improve wind resistance and overall adaptability.

The intersection of climate change and wind-resistant pony breeding presents both challenges and opportunities, underscoring the need for a proactive approach in equine management that prioritises resilience.

The Economic Implications of Breeding Wind-Resistant Ponies

The economic implications of breeding wind-resistant ponies are multifaceted and have the potential to significantly shape market trends. As the demand for resilient equine breeds increases, breeders focused on wind resistance stand to benefit financially. By producing ponies that thrive in challenging conditions, they can access niche markets where weather resilience is highly valued.

Moreover, the potential for reduced veterinary costs associated with wind-resistant ponies further enhances their economic viability. Since these ponies are less prone to stress-related health issues, owners face fewer expenses, leading to a more profitable ownership experience. This financial advantage can be particularly appealing to buyers seeking long-term investments in equine partners.

As awareness of climate-related challenges continues to grow, breeders who position themselves as leaders in wind-resistant pony breeding can benefit from increased interest and investment. By capitalising on the emerging trend of sustainable and adaptive equine practices, these breeders can ensure their place in a competitive market. The economic outlook for wind-resistant ponies thus holds great promise, reflecting a future where resilience and adaptability are essential.

Frequently Asked Questions Regarding Wind-Resistant Ponies

What Essential Traits Characterise a Wind-Resistant Pony?

A wind-resistant pony is a breed specifically developed to withstand high winds, characterised by a sturdy build, dense coat, and calm temperament, which enables them to thrive in challenging windy conditions.

Why Is Wind Resistance Critical for Ponies’ Well-Being?

Wind resistance is crucial for ponies, as it minimises stress, enhances performance, and ensures overall well-being during adverse weather, allowing them to perform efficiently across various equestrian activities.

What Breeding Techniques Promote Wind Resistance in Ponies?

Breeding techniques include selective breeding, genetic testing, crossbreeding with resilient breeds, and environmental conditioning, all aimed at fostering traits that improve wind resistance in ponies.

How Do Genetic Factors Contribute to Wind Resistance in Ponies?

Genetic factors influence traits such as body structure, coat density, and respiratory efficiency, all of which enhance a pony's ability to withstand high winds and adverse conditions effectively.

What Training Methods Assist Ponies in Adapting to Windy Conditions?

Training methods encompass desensitisation to wind, groundwork exercises for balance, and positive reinforcement techniques to encourage calm behaviour in windy environments, thereby improving their adaptability.

How Does Wind Resistance Affect Pony Behaviour?

Wind resistance cultivates calmer behaviour in ponies, reducing anxiety and enhancing trainability, which leads to improved interactions with handlers and enhanced performance levels in varied situations.

What Are the Long-Term Health Benefits of Wind Resistance for Ponies?

Long-term health benefits include reduced incidences of stress-related health issues, stronger immune systems, and improved physical fitness, contributing to healthier and longer-lived ponies overall.

How Can Technology Enhance Wind-Resistant Breeding Practices?

Technology, such as genetic testing and data analytics, can improve breeding practices by accurately identifying desirable traits and monitoring pony performance for better selection outcomes.

What Role Does Sustainability Play in Breeding Wind-Resistant Ponies?

Sustainability is paramount in breeding practices, promoting the development of ponies that can thrive in changing climates while minimising environmental impacts through responsible management techniques.

What Economic Advantages Do Wind-Resistant Ponies Provide for Breeders and Owners?

Wind-resistant ponies command higher market prices, incur lower veterinary costs, and can succeed in competitive markets, presenting significant financial benefits for breeders and owners alike.

Connect with Us on Facebook!

The Article: Creating Wind-Resistant Ponies: A Universal Guide appeared first on Amitys Hair Salon.

The Article Wind-Resistant Ponies: Your Essential Guide to Creation Was Found On https://limitsofstrategy.com

Comments

No comments yet. Why don’t you start the discussion?

Leave a Reply

Your email address will not be published. Required fields are marked *